By The Institute of Education and Research Studies (IERS) Introduction: What Is DeFi? Decentralized Finance, or DeFi, is one of the most groundbreaking developments in the financial world today. Built on blockchain technology, DeFi refers to an ecosystem of financial…

Introduction: What Are Cryptocurrencies? Cryptocurrencies have emerged as one of the most disruptive innovations in the financial world. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments and regulated by central banks, cryptocurrencies are digital or virtual currencies secured by cryptography and powered…

Introduction: A Currency in Transition Money, the lifeblood of modern economies, is undergoing a radical transformation. What began centuries ago as bartering and evolved into coins and paper currency is now moving toward a future dominated by digital wallets, decentralized…

Water is no longer a neutral resource—it has become a strategic asset. Control over water sources now translates to diplomatic leverage, economic advantage, and military power. A. Governments and Political Regimes Autocratic regimes often weaponize water: For example, Turkey’s control…