Produced through AI for educational purposes by The Institute of Education and Research Studies (IERS) – www.iers.com.pk Introduction The twenty-first century has witnessed unprecedented progress in medical science, transforming the way we understand, diagnose, and treat diseases. From the decoding…
1. Introduction: Understanding Agroterrorism and Its Global Impact Agroterrorism is a form of bioterrorism that targets agriculture, livestock, and food supply chains to cause economic damage, famine, or societal disruption. Unlike conventional terrorism, it does not always result in immediate…
A Brief but Shocking Story of Bio-war and Bio-weapons Introduction Throughout human history, warfare has evolved through innovations in tools, strategies, and technology. Among the most insidious of these advancements is biological warfare (biowar)—the use of pathogens or toxins to…
By The Institute of Education and Research Studies (IERS) Introduction: What Is Blockchain? Blockchain is more than just a buzzword—it’s a transformative technology that is redefining how data is stored, shared, and verified in the digital world. Originally developed as…
By The Institute of Education and Research Studies (IERS) Introduction: What Is DeFi? Decentralized Finance, or DeFi, is one of the most groundbreaking developments in the financial world today. Built on blockchain technology, DeFi refers to an ecosystem of financial…
Introduction: What Are Cryptocurrencies? Cryptocurrencies have emerged as one of the most disruptive innovations in the financial world. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments and regulated by central banks, cryptocurrencies are digital or virtual currencies secured by cryptography and powered…
Introduction: A Currency in Transition Money, the lifeblood of modern economies, is undergoing a radical transformation. What began centuries ago as bartering and evolved into coins and paper currency is now moving toward a future dominated by digital wallets, decentralized…
Water is no longer a neutral resource—it has become a strategic asset. Control over water sources now translates to diplomatic leverage, economic advantage, and military power. A. Governments and Political Regimes Autocratic regimes often weaponize water: For example, Turkey’s control…
Introduction: The Thirst That Could Spark a Global Crisis Water is life. Yet, it’s also fast becoming one of the world’s most scarce and contested resources. As populations grow, climate change accelerates, and pollution damages freshwater supplies, the threat of…
Introduction: The Silent Pandemic While the world battles pandemics, wars, and climate catastrophes, an equally urgent yet often invisible crisis is growing—mental health. Across continents, cultures, and age groups, anxiety, depression, burnout, and suicide are on the rise. Despite this,…